Accepted Name Plantae > Tracheophyta > Equisetopsida C. Agardh > Malpighiales Juss. Rhizophora apiculata Blume. The best way to regenerate a mangrove stand at the least cost is to encourage reproduction in the period before the final harvest by thinning and by minimizing damage to young plants during harvesting. Chin J Nat Med. In Malaysia, stick thinning is practised. Additional planting and planting in denuded areas mostly succeeds well, provided the ecological conditions are suitable. Wildings are readily available, as natural regeneration is often profuse. The stem of R. apiculata is upright and cylindrical in closed forest, but plants develop a straggling or semi-prostrate habit in unfavourable sites. 2013 Mar;11(2):149-57. doi: 10.1016/S1875-5364(13)60042-4. The genus Rhizophora contains more species of mangrove than any other. PubMed:Growth of a mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata) seedlings as influenced by GA3, light and salinity. In vitro antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities of Rhizophora mucronata. Tree growth, dynamics, and productivity in a mature mangrove forest in Malaysia. The DNA protection efficiency of extracts against oxidative damage was confirmed by DNA nicking assay using bacterial DNA. Indonesia: bakau minyak (general), bako (Javanese), babakoan laut (Sundanese), Malaysia: bakau minyak, bakau tandok, bakau akik, Papua New Guinea: abia (Gulf Province), bahkweh (Northern Province), pana (Central Province), Philippines: bakauan (lalaki), uakatan (Tagalog), bakhau (Samar). in Papua New Guinea. Allelochemical interaction of the mangrove species was speculated to play an important role in dominance in the harsh mangrove environment. R. apiculata is the most common mangrove species. The branched stilt roots weighted with stones serve as anchors. Flowers are self-compatible and usually wind-pollinated. Keywords: Further, antimicrobial and minimal inhibitory activities of different solvent extracts were assessed against human clinical pathogenic bacteria, and the results showed that butanol and methanol extract has potential antimicrobial activity. A few specimens have been collected with characters intermediate between R. apiculata, R. mucronata and R. stylosa in western Malesia and western New Guinea. van Vliet, G.J.C.M., 1976. Cookies help us deliver our services. BMC Complement Altern Med.  |  Tropical Ecology 21: 113-124. Rhizophora apiculata is mostly preferred for replanting programmes at mangrove sites in Southeast Asia due to its multitude of uses. Recently, they have also been extensively harvested for woodchips or converted for agricultural and aquacultural purposes. Initially, the phenolic and flavonoid content was quantified in solvent extracts, and gallic acid and rutin were used as a control, respectively. 447 pp. PubMed:Antiviral properties of a mangrove plant, Rhizophora apiculata Blume, against human immunodeficiency virus. In: van Steenis, C.G.G.J. are sometimes attacked by a scolytid beetle (Poecilips fallax). The woods of Rhizophora species are primarily utilized for firewood and for making charcoal. Judging by the greatest volume production of firewood, a 40-year rotation is preferable. Mangrove vegetation. 2015 Aug 18;15:287. doi: 10.1186/s12906-015-0820-3. Srivastava, P.B.L., Keong, G.B. Eventually, the seedling falls from the fruit, floats with the high tide and establishes if it reaches a suitable site. Poles are used for piling and construction purposes, and as fishing stakes. Bai X, Lai T, Zhou T, Li Y, Li X, Zhang H. Molecules. Rhizophora apiculata Blume: Morphological, Chemical and DNA Barcoding Methods Gurudeeban Selvaraj1,2*, Satyavani Kaliamurthi1,2, Ramanathan Thirungnasambamdam1 Abstract— "Kandal" (Rhizophora apiculata Blume) is a medicinal mangrove plant used to treat pain, inflammation and reduce blood glucose level in Southeast coast of India. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. In Peninsular Malaysia it takes 35 years for R. apiculata to reach a stem diameter of 19 cm at breast height. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. Flowers bisexual, sessile, yellow; calyx deeply 4-lobed, coriaceous, accrescent and reflexed in fruit, lobes ovate, 10-14 mm × 6-8 mm, concave, acute, brown-yellow to reddish, persistent; receptacle with a disk; petals 4, free, lanceolate, 8-11 mm × 1.5-2 mm, membranous, glabrous, early caducous; stamens mostly 12, sessile, anthers 6-7.5 mm long, acute, multi-loculate, opening with a large ventral valve; ovary semi-inferior, 2-celled, superior part enclosed by the disk, bluntly conical, 1.5-3.5 mm long; style 0.5-1 mm long, 2-lobed. This study used productivity models and above ground biomass to investigate productivity in different sites of MMFR. generated in the process of charcoal making has the potential to be used as antifungal agent especia Rhizophora apiculata pyroligneous acid Rhizophora apiculata pyroligneous acid which is a crude condensate produced from the distillation of smoke lly to treat candidal infections. Rhizophora mucronata is a small to medium size evergreen tree growing to a height of about 20 to 25 metres (66 to 82 ft) on the banks of rivers. Two-way ANOVA analysis showed that the highly significant effect of antioxidant activity depends on the concentration of extracts. Rhizophora apiculata and Acrostichum aureum are a common mangrove species in Malaysia. The botany of mangroves. stands. The sapwood is light yellow, 3-5 cm thick, and very distinct from the heartwood which is reddish-brown and darkens with age. For biomass calculation, tree height and diameter were measured in plot of 10m x 10m in compartment 18, 31, 71, 74 and 67. Main agroforestry usesSoil stabilization, coastal protection, wildlife/marine habitat for marine fauna. Rhizophora spp. Bark grey, almost smooth or with vertical fissures. Vivipary is characteristic for Rhizophora species. Ecological Research 3: 227-238. J. Cramer, Vaduz, Liechtenstein. Presence of phenols and flavonoids of R. apiculata was analysed using gallic acid…, Antimicrobial activity of solvent extracts…, Antimicrobial activity of solvent extracts using agar-well diffusion method ( a ) and…, FTIR spectrum of different solvent extracts. Felling of R. apiculata for poles is essentially a thinning operation in which straight pole-sized individuals are cut. Rhizophora hypocotyls can be eaten after extraction of the tannin, but this is probably only of importance in times of famine. In Vietnam, annual wood production is about 60 000 t. The energy value of the stems, branches and prop roots is 15 000-19 000 kJ/kg, of charcoal 32 200 kJ/kg. The timber is suitable for making furniture. Semantic Scholar uses AI to extract papers important to this topic. Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236319. This process involves selecting a well-formed tree and felling all pole-sized trees around it within a radius drawn by a stick 1.2-1.8 m long. It does not occur in fresh water swamps. YieldsIn Malaysia, the 30-year rotation har- vested yield of green wood has been about 136– 299 mt/ha (61–133 t/ac). If cut at least 20 cm above the stilt roots, regeneration is without problems. 2020 Jul 29;15(7):e0236319. In the absence of hurricanes and chain saws, individual trees may reach 40m or more. Current rotations vary from 15 years (in firewood plantations in Thailand) to 20-30 years, but may be even shorter. Other Uses The bark is an important local source of tannin Identification and revision of R. apiculata are largely based on morphological characteristics. Taken together, the results showed that the solvent extracts of R. apiculata could be potential antioxidant and anticancer agents. a DPPH activity,…, Shows protecting the mitochondrial DNA damage of S. aureus using DNA nicking assay.…, Cytotoxic activity of methanol extract a on lung cancer cells (A549) and normal…, Methanolic extracts induces the apoptosis…, Methanolic extracts induces the apoptosis in A549 cells and confirmed by AO/EB staining…, NLM Thinning is important for good stand development. a Butanol, b chloroform, c ethanol, d…, GCMS analysis of methanol extracts a showed the presence of hexadecanoic acid, oleic…, Antioxidant activity of R. apiculata solvent extracts at different concentration. Estimates of annual litterfall vary from 6-11.5 t/ha. Mangrove-based Rhizophora apiculata was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Few production statistics from natural or planted stands are available. Production and international trade In all parts of tropical Asia, R. apiculata is cultivated on a commercial scale for production of firewood and particularly charcoal, poles and tannin. The nanoparticles were tested for toxicity against MG-63 cells. A stand of R. apiculata in southern Thailand had an annual leaf production of 7 t/ha and 20 t/ha of wood. In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Phenols and Oleanolic Acid from Mango Peel and Their Cytotoxic Effect on A549 Cell Line. Antioxidant potential, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of Rhododendron anthopogonoides and its protective effect on hypoxia-induced injury in PC12 cells. Ninety Rhizophora apiculata leaf samples were collected from different compartments (18, 31, 71, 74, 42 and 55) based on tree age and management. USA.gov. 2017 Ecophysiological responses of young mangrove species Rhizophora apiculata (Blume) to … More intensive site preparation is required where flooding is limited due to large numbers of crab mounds and where there is severe infestation of Acrostychum ferns. is one of the most important species in mangrove forest and often used for forest rehabilitation, particularly at Muara Teluk Naga Village, Tangerang District. Uprooting the ferns manually with iron bars or spraying with a herbicide can solve the problem, unless the inundation regime has changed. Shows protecting the mitochondrial DNA damage of, Methanolic extracts induces the apoptosis in A549 cells and confirmed by AO/EB staining (. Damaged young trees are capable of recovering by sprouting from dormant buds and bending upwards to form another erect stem. and. The main agroforestry uses from this species are soil stabilization, coastal protection, wildlife/marine habitat for marine fauna and also as timber products which are fuelwood, charcoal, dyes, and traditional medicines [7];[8]. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! This study assessed the The wood of R. apiculata is hard, strong and heavy with an air-dry density of 960-1170 kg/m3. PubMed:Distribution and accumulation of ultraviolet-radiation-absorbing compounds in leaves of tropical mangroves. Total aboveground dry matter has been estimated to be 160-190 t/ha in 15-year-old stands in Thailand and 257 t/ha in a 28-year-old stand in Peninsular Malaysia. Evergreen tree, up to over 30 m tall and with trunk up to 50 cm in diameter, generally much smaller in exploited forests; bole 10-12 m; stem supported by numerous, lateral, much branched stilt roots; aerial roots sometimes develop from the lower branches; taproot usually abortive; branching primarily sympodial. The planting procedure is simple, involving inserting the propagules vertically into the muddy soil along predetermined lines and spacings. Abstract— "Kandal" (Rhizophora apiculata Blume) is a medicinal mangrove plant used to treat pain, inflammation and reduce blood glucose level in Southeast coast of India. Three thinnings are prescribed in Matang, Malaysia (at 15, 20, and 25 years of age), one thinning in Indonesia. Mature propagules that remain viable for 4-5 months are gathered from the forest floor. 413 pp. Rhizophora mucronata is used for the treatment of inflammation diarrhea, and angina disorders by people of India and Burma. may occur throughout South-East Asia as a low, tufted ground cover under the canopy. After extraction of the tannins, the ash mainly consists of calcium carbonate (70%) and lime (18%) and can be used as fertilizer. Insects have occasionally been observed foraging for pollen. It is killed by frost and by extended periods of near-freezing temperatures. Main productsTimber, fuelwood, charcoal, dyes, and traditional medicine. The alignment of differential nucleotide positions of the SBE 2 gene from Rhizophora species of Kiribati and the Malay Peninsula are shown in Table 1. Growth rings and parenchyma are indistinct. It is unlikely that any substantial germplasm collections of R. apiculata are being maintained. Hypocotyl cylindrical to club-shaped, up to 40 cm × 1.2 cm before falling, often slightly curved, more or less blunt, smooth and shining, green tinged with red.

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